•Anatomy of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spine including bones/joints, muscles, ligaments, spinal nerves and vasculature •Discuss the normal curvature of the spine, and identify scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis •Identify the risk factors for a vertebral compression fracture •Differentiate spondylosis, spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis •Cite strong indicators for immediate imaging of the lumbar spine. •Acute lumbar/cervical sprain •Disc herniation •Facet arthritis/posterior element disease •Degenerative disc disease •Spinal stenosis •Cauda equina syndrome Ankylosing spondylitis